Emeritus Professor Adrian Ashman
Emeritus Professor
School of Education
Researcher biography
Cognitive educational psychology, Classroom-based instruction strategy training and problem solving, Intellectual disability, Learning difficulties, Aging and disability, Inclusion, Adolescent reading and writing habit, Issues relating to victimised youth, Creative Writing.
Professor Ashman completed his Bachelor of Arts degree with honours in Applied Psychology. He continued his studies at the University of Alberta, Canada and was granted a Master of Education (Counselling) and a PhD in the area of cognitive educational psychology. He has taught at the universities of Alberta, Regina, and Newcastle and came to the Schonell Special Education Research Centre in 1987. He has published widely in the area of cognitive psychology, special education and disability and has authored or edited over a dozen volumes in these areas. He is past national President of the Australian Society for the Study of Intellectual Disability, and past President of the International Association on Cognitive Education.
Publications
Books
Carroll, A., Ashman, A., Bower, J. and Hemingway, F. (2005). Mindfields - empowering young people to change their lives: training workbook. Brisbane, Australia: The University of Queensland.
Carroll, A., Ashman, A., Bower, J. and Hemingway, F. (2005). Mindfields - empowering young people to change their lives: facilitators manual. Brisbane, Australia: The University of Queensland.
Ashman, A. F. and Elkins, J. (1998). Educating children with special needs. 3rd ed. Sydney: Prentice Hall.
Ashman, Adrian and Conway, Robert (1997). An Introduction to Cognitive Education Theory and Applications. UK: Routledge.
Ashman, Adrian and Elkins, John (1994). Educating children with special needs. 2nd ed. Sydney: Prentice Hall.
Ashman, A. F. and Conway, R. N. F. (1993). Using cognitive methods in the classroom. New York: Routledge.
Ashman, A. F. (1991). Current themes in integration. St Lucia: Fred and Eleanor Schonell Special Education Research Centre.
Ashman, A. F. and Conway, R. N. F. (1990). Estrategias cognitivas en educación especial. : (edición española).. XXI (edición española) ed. Madrid: Santillana Aula.
Ashman, Adrian and Elkins, John (1990). Educating children with special needs. Sydney: Prentice Hall.
Wright, S., Ashman, A. and O’Brien, C. (1989). Research directions in early childhood. Kelvin Grove, Qld: Centre for Applied Studies in Early Childhood, Brisbane College of Advanced Education.
Ashman, Adrian F. and Conway, Robert N.F. (1989). Cognitive strategies for special education: Process-based instruction. Abingdon, Oxon, United Kingdom: Taylor and Francis. doi: 10.4324/9781315271460
Ashman, A. F. and Conway, R. N. F. (1988). Cognitive Strategies for Special Education. New York: Routledge.
Ashman, A. F. (1988). Integration 25 years on. St. Lucia: Fred and Eleanor Schonell Special Education Research Centre.
Laura, Ronald S. and Ashman, Adrian F. (1985). Moral issues in mental retardation. London: Routledge.
Ashman, Adrian F. and Laura, Ronald S. (1985). The education and training of the mentally retarded: recent advances. London: New York: Croom Helm: Nichols.
Ashman, A. F, Das, J. P. and Walde, K. (1978). Mental Retardation: Facts and Issues. Canada: Centre for the Study of Mental Retardation, University of Alberta.
Book Chapters
Carroll, Annemaree, Bower, Julie M., Ashman, Adrian F. and Lynn, Sasha (2017). Early secondary high school: a Mindfield® for social and emotional learning. Social and emotional learning in Australia and the Asia-Pacific: perspectives, programs and approaches. (pp. 335-352) edited by Erica Frydenberg, Andrew J. Martin and Rebecca J. Collie. Gateway East, Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore. doi: 10.1007/978-981-10-3394-0_18
Carroll, Annemaree, Hemingway, Francene, Bower, Julie, Ashman, Adrian, Houghton, Stephen and Durkin, Kevin (2014). Impulsivity in juvenile delinquency: differences among early-onset, late-onset, and non-offenders. Criminal Psychology. (pp. ---) edited by David Canter. New York, NY, USA: SAGE Publications Library of Criminology.
Ashman, Adrian F. (2014). Technology-enhanced learning: The introduction and use of information and communication technology in special education. K-12 education: concepts, methodologies, tools, and applications. (pp. 963-978) Hershey, PA., United States: IGI Global. doi: 10.4018/978-1-4666-4502-8.ch057
Ashman, Adrian F. and Gillies, Robyn M. (2013). Collaborative learning for diverse learners. The international handbook of collaborative learning. (pp. 297-313) edited by Cindy E. Hmelo-Silver, Clark A. Chinn, Carol K. K. Chan and Angela M. O'Donnell. New York, NY, United States: Routledge. doi: 10.4324/9780203837290.ch17
Ashman, Adrian and Merrotsy, Peter (2012). Learners and environments. Education for inclusion and diversity. (pp. 63-92) edited by Adrian Ashman and John Elkins. Frenchs Forest, Australia: Pearson.
Ashman, Adrian (2012). A culture of inclusion. Education for inclusion and diversity. (pp. 6-33) edited by Adrian Ashman and John Elkins. Frenchs Forest, Australia: Pearson.
Ashman, Adrian (2012). Cerebral palsy. Education for inclusion and diversity. (pp. 61-62) edited by Adrian Ashman and John Elkins. Frenchs Forest, Australia: Pearson.
Ashman, Adrian F. (2012). Technology-enhanced learning: the introduction and use of information and communication of technology in special education. Technologies for enhancing pedagogy, engagement, and empowerment in education: creating learning-friendly environments. (pp. 27-41) edited by Thao Le and Quynh Le. Hersey, PA, United States: Information Science Reference. doi: 10.4018/978-1-61350-074-3.ch003
Ashman, Adrian (2011). Students from indigenous backgrounds. Education for inclusion and diversity. (pp. 34-36) edited by Adrian Ashman and John Elkins. Frenchs Forest, Australia: Pearson.
Ashman, Adrian (2010). Modelling and guiding inclusive practices: A challenge for postgraduate students. Teacher education for inclusion: Changing paradigms and innovative approaches. (pp. 143-151) edited by Chris Forlin. London ; New York: Routledge. doi: 10.4324/9780203850879
Ashman, A. and Merrotsy, P. (2009). Diversity and educational environments. Education for Inclusion and Diversity. (pp. 57-89) edited by A. F. Ashman and J. Elkins. Frenchs Forest, NSW: Pearson Education Australia.
Ashman, A. (2009). Contemporary cultures and education. Education for Inclusion and Diversity. (pp. 3-34) edited by Adrian F. Ashman and John Elkins. Frenchs Forest, NSW: Pearson Education Australia.
Ashman, Adrian F. (2008). School and inclusive practices. The teacher’s role in implementing cooperative learning in the classroom. (pp. 163-183) edited by Robyn M. Gillies, Adrian Ashman and Jan Terwel. New York, U.S.A.: Springer. doi: 10.1007/978-0-387-70892-8_8
Wu, Wu-Tien, Ashman, Adrian and Kim, Yong-Wook (2008). Education reforms in special education. Reform, inclusion and teacher education: Towards a new era of special and inclusive education in Asia-Pacific regions. (pp. 13-28) edited by Christine Forlin and Ming-Gon John Lian. London, U.K.; New York, U.S.A.: Routledge.
Gillies, Robyn M., Ashman, Adrian F. and Terwel, Jan (2008). Concluding remarks. The teacher’s role in implementing cooperative learning in the classroom. (pp. 258-261) edited by Robyn M. Gillies, Adrian Ashman and Jan Terwel. New York, NY United States: Springer. doi: 10.1007/978-0-387-70892-8
Gillies, R. M., Ashman, A. F. and Terwel, J. (2008). The teacher's role in implementing cooperative learning in the classroom: An introduction. The Teacher's Role in Implementing Cooperative Learning in the Classroom. (pp. 1-8) edited by R. M. Gillies, A. F. Ashman and J. Terwel. New York, U.S.A.: Springer. doi: 10.1007/978-0-387-70892-8
Carroll, Annemaree, Bower, Julie, Hemingway, Francene and Ashman, Adrian (2007). Mindfields : A self-regulatory intervention for young people at risk who want to change their lives. The millennial adolescent. (pp. 59-64) edited by Nan Bahr and Donna Pendergast. Camberwell, Vic., Australia: ACER Press.
Ashman, A. F. (2005). Opportunities, rights and the individual. Educating Children with Diverse Abilities. (pp. 65-95) edited by Adrian Ashman and John Elkins. Sydney: Pearson Education Australia.
Ashman, A. F. (2005). Society, culture and education. Educating Children with Diverse Abilities (2nd). (pp. 5-36) edited by A. Ashman and J. Elkins. Sydney: Pearson Education Australia.
Ashman, Adrian F. and Gillies, Robyn M. (2003). Guiding intellectual and personal growth across educational contexts. Co-operative Learning: The Social and Intellectual Outcomes of Learning in Groups. (pp. 224-238) edited by Gillies, R. M. and Ashman, A. F.. London: RoutledgeFalmer. doi: 10.4324/9780203465264
Ashman, Adrian (2003). Peer-mediation and students with diverse learning needs. Cooperative learning: The social and intellectual outcomes of learning in groups. (pp. 87-102) edited by Robyn Gillies and Adrian Ashman. London, U.K.: RoutledgeFalmer. doi: 10.4324/9780203465264
Ashman, Adrian F. and Gillies, Robyn M. (2003). Peer support networks in school and community settings. Cooperative learning: The social and intellectual outcomes of learning. (pp. 196-209) edited by Robyn Gillies and Adrian Ashman. London: Routledge. doi: 10.4324/9780203465264
Gillies, R. M. and Ashman, A. F. (2003). An historical review of the use of groups to promote socialization and learning. Co-operative Learning: The Social and Intellectual Outcomes of Learning in Groups. (pp. 1-18) edited by Gillies, R. M. and Ashman, A. F.. London: RoutledgeFalmer. doi: 10.4324/9780203465264
Ashman, A. F. (2002). Society, culture and education. Educating Children with Diverse Abilities. (pp. 5-40) edited by A.F. Ashman and J. Elkins. Frenchs Forest, NSW: Pearson Education.
Ashman, A. F. and Elkins, J. (2002). Rights and learning opportunities. Educating Children with Diverse Abilities. (pp. 41-72) edited by Ashman, A. F. and Elkins, J.. Frenchs Forest, NSW: Pearson Education.
Chan, W. Y., Ashman, A. F. and van Kraayenoord, C. E. (2000). Science and biological classification: Linking dynamic assessment to classroom curriculum. Dynamic assessment: Prevailing models and applications. (pp. 607-639) edited by Lidz, Carol S. and Elliott, Julian G.. Greenwich, CT: Java Advanced Imaging.
Hay, I., Ashman, A. F. and Ballinger, M. (2000). Investigating the factors that influence the formation of adolescents’ emotional stability and general self-concept. Self-concept theory, research and practice: Advances for the new millennium. (pp. 263-270) edited by R. G Craven and H. W. Marsh. Sydney: Self-Research Centre, University of Western Sydney.
Naglieri, J. A. and Ashman, A. F. (1999). Making the connection between PASS and intervention. Essentials of CAS assessment. (pp. 151-181) edited by J. A. Naglieri. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Ashman, A. F. and Elkins, J. (1998). Maximising the learning opportunities for all children. Educating children with special needs. (pp. ---) edited by A. F. Ashman and J. Elkins. Sydney: Prentice Hall.
Ashman, A. F. (1998). Students with an intellectual disability. Educating children with special needs. (pp. ---) edited by A. F. Ashman and J. Elkins. Sydney: Prentice Hall.
Ashman , A. F. and Elkins, J. (1998). Education across the life-span. Educating children with special needs. (pp. ---) edited by A. F. Ashman and J. Elkins. Sydney: Prentice Hall.
Ashman, A. F. (1998). The concept of learning disabilities/learning difficulties: Australia. Development and validation of instructional methods and support systems for students with learning difficulties. (pp. 65-68) edited by T. Ioya. Yokosuka City: Japan: National Institute of Special Education.
Ashman, A. F. (1997). Forward. Eyes on the future, I & II. (pp. 1-2) edited by P. Bramston and G. Parsons. Canberra, ACT: Disability Programs Division, Commonwealth Department of Health and Family Services.
Ashman, A. F. (1996). Cognitive strategies and teaching-learning processes for students with developmental disabilities. Cognitive strategies for students with developmental disabilities. (pp. ---) edited by D-y Chung. Ansan, Kyong-ki, Korea: Korea Institute for Special Education.
Ashman, A. F. (1996). Aging and disability. Disability: A guide for health professionals. (pp. 241-273) edited by J. Annison, J. Jenkinson, J. W. Sparrow and J. Bethune. Melbourne: Thomas Nelson Australia.
Ashman, A. F. and Elkins, J. (1996). Schooling and integration. New approaches to Down syndrome. (pp. 341-357) edited by B. Stratford and P. Gunn. London: Cassell.
Ashman , A. F. and Elkins, J. (1994). A life-span approach to education. Educating children with special needs. (pp. 545-566) edited by A. Ashman and J. Elkins. Sydney: Prentice Hall.
Ashman, A. F. and Elkins, J. (1994). Providing learning opportunities for all children. Educating children with special needs. (pp. 1-35) edited by A. F. Ashman and J. Elkins. Sydney: Prentice Hall.
Ashman, A. F. (1994). Aging: Looking toward changes to existing services. Quality and equality in intellectual disability. (pp. ---) edited by M. Arthur, R. N. F. Conway and P.J. Foreman. Newcastle, NSW: Special Education Centre, The University of Newcastle.
Ashman, A. F. (1994). Students with intellectual disabilities. Educating children with special needs. (pp. 433-489) edited by A. F. Ashman and J. Elkins. Sydney: Prentice Hall.
Gillies, R. M and Ashman, A. F. (1994). The effects on students of structured cooperative learning. Group and interactive learning. (pp. 423-428) edited by H. C. Foot, C. J. Howe, A. Anderson, A. K. Tolmie and D. A. Warden. Southampton: GB: Computational Mechanics Publications.
Hay, I., Ashman, A. F. and van Kraayenoord, C. (1994). Children’s self-concept and thinking: How are they related?. Thinking: International and interdisciplinary perspectives. (pp. 259-268) edited by J. Edwards. Melbourne: Hawker Brownlow.
Conway, R. N. F. and Ashman, A. F. (1992). Teaching students to accept responsibility for their behaviour through planning skills. Student behaviour problems: Directions, perspectives, expectations. (pp. ---) edited by B. Willis and J. Izard. Melbourne: Australian Council for Educational Research.
Ashman, A. F., Elkins, J. and van Kraayenoord, C. (1991). Intervention research in Australia. Intervention research in students with learning disabilities: An international perspective. (pp. 147-162) edited by B. Y. L. Wong. New York: Springer-Verlag.
Ashman, A. F. (1991). Art and education for very young children with special needs. The arts in early childhood. (pp. 235-261) edited by S. K. Wright. Sydney: Prentice Hall.
Ashman, A. F. and Conway, R. N. F. (1991). Cognitive strategies for use in classes containing students with diverse abilities. Current themes in integration: The Exceptional Child Monograph No. 2. (pp. 75-90) edited by A. F. Ashman. St. Lucia: Fred and Eleanor Schonell Special Education Research Centre.
Ashman, A. F. (1991). Process-Based Instruction: Integrating assessment and instruction. Interactive assessment. (pp. 375-396) edited by H. C. Haywood and D. Tzuriel. New York: Springer-Verlag.
Ashman, A. F. (1990). Intellectual disability. (pp. 62-103) edited by A. F. Ashman and J. Elkins. Sydney: Prentice Hall.
Ashman, A. F. and Elkins, J. (1990). Special education and special children. Educating children with special needs. (pp. 1-31) edited by A. F. Ashman and J. Elkins. Sydney: Prentice Hall.
Ashman, A. F. and Conway, R. N. F. (1990). A model for integrating processing strategies and curriculum content. Key issues in mental retardation research. (pp. 327-335) edited by W. Fraser. London: Routledge.
Ashman, A. F. and Elkins, J. (1990). Special education across the lifespan. Educating children with special needs. (pp. 420-437) edited by A. F. Ashman and J. Elkins. Sydney: Prentice Hall.
Ashman, A. F. and Elkins, J. (1990). Cooperative learning among special students. Children helping children. (pp. 207-233) edited by Foot, H. C., Morgan, M. J. and Shute, R. H.. Chichester: John Wiley.
Ashman, A. F. (1988). Integration: A faded philosophical snapshot?. Integration 25 years on: Exceptional Child Monograph No. 1. (pp. 1-4) edited by A. F. Ashman. St. Lucia: Fred and Eleanor Schonell Special Education Research Centre.
Ashman, A. F. and Conway, R. N. F. (1988). Process-Based Instruction: A model for teaching students with special needs in mainstream classes. Integration 25 years on: Exceptional Child Monograph No. 1. (pp. 155-166) edited by A. F. Ashman. St. Lucia: Fred and Eleanor Schonell Special Education Research Centre.
Conway, R. and Ashman, A. F. (1987). Process-based instruction: Incorporating learning skills within curriculum areas. Technology, resources and consumer outcomes. (pp. 133-139) edited by E. A. Bartnik, G. M. Lewis and P. A. O’Connor. Perth, WA: PE Publications.
Ashman, A. F. and Schroeder, S. R. (1986). Hyperactivity, methylphenidate, and complex human cognition. Advances in learning and behavioral disabilities. (pp. 295-316) edited by K. D. Gadow. Greenwich, C.T.: JAI Press.
Laura, R. S. and Ashman, A. F. (1985). The philosophy of special education. Moral issues in mental retardation. (pp. 1-10) edited by R. S. Laura and A. F. Ashman. Beckenham, England: Croom Helm.
Ashman, A. F. (1985). A perspective on education and training of the retarded. The education and training of the mentally retarded: Recent advances. (pp. i-v) edited by A. F. Ashman and R. S. Laura. Beckenham, England: Croom Helm.
Ashman, A. F. and Laura, R. S. (1985). Rights, interests, and mental handicap. Moral issues in mental retardation. (pp. 209-212) edited by R. S. Laura and A. F. Ashman. Beckenham, England: Croom Helm.
Ashman, A. F. (1985). Three facets of education and training for the retarded: Some developments and trends. The education and training of the mentally retarded: Recent advances. (pp. 279-293) edited by A. F. Ashman and R. S. Laura. Beckenham, England: Croom Helm.
Ashman, A. F. (1985). Problem solving and planning: Two sides of the same coin. The education and training of the mentally retarded: Recent advances. (pp. 169-214) edited by A. F. Ashman and R. S. Laura. Beckenham, England: Croom Helm.
Ashman, A. F (1984). The cognitive abilities of the moderately and severely retarded. Cognitive strategies and educational performance. (pp. 249-278) edited by J. R. Kirby. New York: Academic Press.
Ashman, A. F. (1980). Changes in educational and residential care for the mentally retarded. Problem of handicap. (pp. 8-16) edited by R. S. Laura. Melbourne: Macmillan.
Ashman, A. F. (1978). Pre-school education for delayed children. Mental retardation: Facts and issues. (pp. 55-62) edited by A. F. Ashman and J. P. Das. Edmonton, Canada: Centre for the Study of Mental Retardation.
Journal Articles
Nankervis, Karen, Ashman, Adrian, Weekes, Alysia and Carroll, Michael (2019). Interactions of Residents Who Have Intellectual Disability and Challenging Behaviours. International Journal of Disability Development and Education, 67 (1), 1-15. doi: 10.1080/1034912X.2019.1678742
Alauddin, Mohammad, Ashman, Adrian, Nghiem, Son and Lovell, Knox (2017). What determines students' expectations and preferences in university teaching and learning? An instrumental variable approach. Economic Analysis and Policy, 56, 18-27. doi: 10.1016/j.eap.2017.06.002
Alauddin, Mohammad, Ashman, Adrian, Nghiem, Son and Lovell, Knox (2016). What determines students' study practices in higher education? An instrumental variable approach. Economic Analysis and Policy, 51, 46-54. doi: 10.1016/j.eap.2016.05.006
Bower, J. M., Carroll, A. and Ashman, A. (2015). Development and application of the CAT-RPM report for strengths-based case management of at-risk youth in schools. International Journal of Inclusive Education, 19 (1), 36-52. doi: 10.1080/13603116.2014.902123
Bower, Julie M., Carroll, Annemaree and Ashman, Adrian (2014). The development and validation of the Contextualized Assessment Tool for Risk and Protection Management (CAT-RPM). Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 32 (2), 107-122. doi: 10.1177/0734282913497782
Alauddin, Mohammad and Ashman, Adrian (2014). The changing academic environment and diversity in students' study philosophy, beliefs and attitudes in higher education. Higher Education Research and Development, 33 (5), 857-870. doi: 10.1080/07294360.2014.890568
Carroll, Annemaree, Ashman, Adrian, Bower, Julie and Hemingway, Francene (2013). Readiness for change: case studies of young people with challenging and risky behaviours. Australian Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 23 (1), 49-71. doi: 10.1017/jgc.2012.17
Carroll, Annemaree, Ashman, Adrian, Hemingway, Francene, Bower, Julie and Houghton, Stephen (2012). A preliminary evaluation of Mindfields: a self-regulatory cognitive behavioural program for school-aged adolescent offenders. Australian Educational and Developmental Psychologist, 29 (2), 81-94. doi: 10.1017/edp.2012.12
Carroll, Annemaree, Hemingway, Francene, Ashman, Adrian and Bower, Julie (2012). Establishing the psychometric properties of an interactive, self-regulation assessment battery for young offenders. Australian Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 22 (1), 102-121. doi: 10.1017/jgc.2012.7
Bower, Julie M., Carroll, Annemaree and Ashman, Adrian F. (2012). Adolescent perspectives on schooling experiences: The interplay of risk and protective factors within their lives. International Journal of Educational Research, 53, 9-21. doi: 10.1016/j.ijer.2011.12.003
Ashman, Adrian (2010). Modelling inclusive practices in postgraduate tertiary educaiton courses. International Journal of Inclusive Education, 14 (7), 667-680. doi: 10.1080/13603111003778429
Ashman, Adrian F. and Joachim, Ron (2010). Consumer satisfaction: Case study from an Australian guardianship jurisdiction. Australian Journal of Administrative Law, 18, 20-28.
Taylor, M., Gillies, R. and Ashman, A. (2009). Cognitive training, conflict resolution, and exercise: Effects on young adolescents' well-being. Australian Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 19 (2), 131-149. doi: 10.1375/ajgc.19.2.131
Ashman, Adrian (2007). A personal reading history. TEXT: Journal of Writing and Writing Courses, 11 (2). doi: 10.52086/001c.31826
Carroll, Annemaree, Hemingway, Francene, Bower, Julie, Ashman, Adrian, Houghton, Stephen and Durkin, Kevin (2006). Impulsivity in juvenile delinquency: Differences among early-onset, late-onset and non-offenders. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 35 (4), 519-529. doi: 10.1007/s10964-006-9053-6
Young, Louise and Ashman, Adrian F. (2004). Deinstitutionalization for older adults with severe mental retardation: Results from Australia. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 109 (5), 397-412. doi: 10.1352/0895-8017(2004)109<397:DFOAWS>2.0.CO;2
Ashman, A. F. (2004). Same-sex attracted youths: Suicide and related factors. Australian Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 14 (1), 48-64. doi: 10.1017/s1037291100002661
Young, Louise and Ashman, Adrian F. (2004). Deinstitutionalisation in Australia Part I: historical perspective. British Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 50 (98), 21-28.
Ashman, A. F. (2004). Book review: Challenging behaviour and developmental disability. Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability, 29 (3), 290-291. doi: 10.1080/13668250412331285109
Young, L. and Ashman, A. F. (2004). Deinstitutionalisation in Australia Part II: Results from a long-term study. British Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 50 (98, Part I), 29-45. doi: 10.1179/096979504799103967
Hay, Ian and Ashman, Adrian (2003). The development of adolescents’ emotional stability and general self-concept: The interplay of parents, peers and gender. International Journal of Disability, Development and Education, 50 (1), 77-91. doi: 10.1080/1034912032000053359
Young, L., Ashman, A., Sigafoos, J. and Grevell, P. (2001). Closure of the Challinor Centre II: An extended report on 95 individuals after 12 months of community living. Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disability, 26 (1), 51-66. doi: 10.1080/13668250020032769
Ashman, A. F. (2001). Young Australians reading: Have they been studied once too often?. Magpies: Talking About Books For Children, 16 (3), 20-21.
Young, L., Ashman, A., Sigafoos, J. and Grevell, P. (2000). A preliminary report on the closure of the Challinor Centre. Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disability, 25 (2), 119-126.
Gillies, R. M. and Ashman, A. F. (2000). The effects of cooperative learning on students with learning difficulties in the lower elementary school. Journal of Special Education, 34 (1), 19-27. doi: 10.1177/002246690003400102
Young, L, Ashman, A, Sigafoos, J and Grevell, P (2000). Deinstitutionalization in Australia: results after 2 years of community living. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 44, 522-522.
Hay, I., Ashman, A. F., van Kraayenoord, C. E. and Stewart, A. L. (1999). Identification of self-verification in the formation of children's academic self-concept. Journal of Educational Psychology, 91 (2), 225-229. doi: 10.1037//0022-0663.91.2.225
Gillies, R. M. and Ashman, A. F. (1998). Behavior and interactions of children in cooperative groups in lower and middle elementary grades. Journal of Educational Psychology, 90 (4), 746-757. doi: 10.1037/0022-0663.90.4.746
Hay, Ian, Ashman, Adrian F. and van Kraayenoord, Christa E. (1998). The influence of gender, academic achievement and non-school factors upon pre-adolescent self-concept. Educational Psychology, 18 (4), 461-470. doi: 10.1080/0144341980180407
Hay, I., Ashman, A. F. and van Kraayenoord, C. E. (1998). Educational characteristics of students with high or low self-concept. Psychology In The Schools, 35 (4), 391-400. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1520-6807(199810)35:4
Selway, D. and Ashman, A. F. (1998). Disability, religion and health: a literature review in search of the spiritual dimensions of disability. Disability & Society, 13 (3), 429-439. doi: 10.1080/09687599826722
Young, L., Sigafoos, J., Suttie, J., Ashman, A. F. and Grevell, P. (1998). Deinstitutionalisation of persons with intellectual disabilities: A review of Australian studies. Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 23 (2), 155-170. doi: 10.1080/13668259800033661
Young, Louise, Sigafoos, Jeff, Suttie, Janene, Ashman, Adrian and Grevell, Paul (1998). Deinstitutionalisation of persons with intellectual disabilities: A review of Australian studies. Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disability, 23 (2), 155-170.
Ashman, A. F. (1998). Leith’s story. Journal of Cognitive Education, 6, 1-3.
Hay, I., Ashman, A. F. and van Kraayenoord, C. E (1998). Comparison of Queensland sample with the Self-Description Questionnaire–1 and the Perception of Ability Scale for Students, normative populations. Australian Educational and Developmental Psychologist, 15, 70-80.
Ashman, A. F. (1997). Introduction. Disability And Rehabilitation, 19 (10), 395-395.
Ashman, A. F. (1997). A learning experience. Journal of Cognitive Education, 6, 75-79.
Ashman, A. F. (1997). Developing a theory of intelligence: From inspiration to actuality. Journal of Cognitive Education, 5, 189-191.
Ashman, A. F. and Wright, S. K. (1997). The musical cognition of elementary school children. Journal of Cognitive Education, 5, 217-232.
Ashman, A. F. (1997). Developing a theory of intelligence: From inspiration to actuality. Journal of Cognitive Education, 5 (3), 189-191.
Ashman, A. F. (1997). One trip to China. Journal of Cognitive Education, 6, 1-2.
Ashman, A. F. (1997). Toward a comprehensive model of functional competence. Australian Disability Review, 1/97, 42-52.
Gillies, R. M. and Ashman, A. F. (1997). The effects of training in cooperative learning on differential students behavior and achievement. Journal of Classroom Interaction, 32, 1-10.
Hay, I., Ashman, A. F. and van Kraayenoord, C. E. (1997). Investigating the influence of achievement on self-concept using an intra-class design and a comparison of the PASS and SDQ-1 self-concept tests. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 67 (3), 311-321. doi: 10.1111/j.2044-8279.1997.tb01246.x
Ashman, A. F. and Gillies, R. M. (1997). Children's cooperative behavior and interactions in trained and untrained work groups in regular classrooms. Journal of School Psychology, 35 (3), 261-279. doi: 10.1016/S0022-4405(97)00007-1
Gillies, R. M. and Ashman, A. F. (1996). Teaching collaborative skills to elementary school children in classroom-based work groups. Learning and Instruction, 6 (3), 187-200. doi: 10.1016/0959-4752(96)00002-3
Gillies, R. M. and Ashman, A. F. (1996). Teaching collaborative skills to primary school children in classroom-based work groups. Learning and Instruction, 6 (3), 187-200.
Ashman, A. F., Suttie, J. N. and Bramley, J. (1996). The social and community involvement of older Australians with an intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 40 (2), 120-129. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2788.1996.tb00613.x
Ashman, A. F., Suttie, J. N. and Bramley, J. (1996). The health and medical status of older people with an intellectual disability in Australia. Journal of Applied Gerontology, 15 (1), 57-72. doi: 10.1177/073346489601500104
Ashman, A. F. (1996). Concerning parents. Educating young children, 2 (2), 5-7.
Christensen, C. A., Elkins, J., Ashman, A. F. and van Kraayenoord, C. E. (1996). Classroom support for Australian children who experience learning problems. Thalamus, 15 (2), 23-37.
Gillies, R. M. and Ashman, A. F. (1995). Reporting research for teachers: Current developments in peer learning. Unicorn, 21 (1), 77-88.
Ashman, A. F. and Suttie, J. N. (1995). Changing existing services for older people with an intellectual disability. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 20, 189-204.
Ashman, A. F. (1995). Teaching children about planning. Education Views, 4 (21), 14.
Ashman, A. F. (1995). The education of students with an intellectual disability in the People’s Republic of China. European Journal of Special Needs Education, 10, 47-57.
Murphy, J. and Ashman, A. F. (1995). The education of children in school hospitals. Australasian Journal of Special Education, 19 (1), 29-36. doi: 10.1017/s1030011200023290
Ashman, Adrian F. and Suttie, Janene (1995). Changing existing services for older people with an intellectual disability. Australia and New Zealand Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 20 (3), 189-204. doi: 10.1080/07263869500035551
Ashman A.F., Suttie J.N. and Bramley J. (1995). Residential circumstances of older Australians with mental retardation. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 99 (4), 356-362.
Gillies, R. M and Ashman, A. F. (1995). Behavioural interactions of children in classroom-based work groups. Australian Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 5 (1), 67-80. doi: 10.1017/s1037291100001734
Ashman, A. F. (1995). How effective is remediation in school?. Journal of Cognitive Education, 4 (2/3), 1-3.
Ashman, A. F. (1995). Professional training and cognitive education. Journal of Cognitive Education, 5, 1-5.
Ashman, A. F. (1995). Teaching children about planning and problem solving. TOPIC: Practical Applications of Research in Education, 14 (3), 1-8.
Gillies, R. M. and Ashman, A. F. (1995). The effects of gender and ability on students’ behaviours and interactions in classroom-based work groups. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 65 (2), 211-225. doi: 10.1111/j.2044-8279.1995.tb01143.x
van Kraayenoord, C. E., Ashman, A. F., Moni, K. B., Ballinger, M., Coleman, J. and Charlton, S. (1994). Comprehensive reading instruction for students with learning difficulties. Australian Reading Association Special Interest Group Newsletter—Learning Difficulties, 2, 13-18.
Ashman, Adrian F. (1994). Identifying and Removing Blockages to Successful Collaborations Between Counsellors, Teachers and Parents. Australian Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 4 (1), 1-17. doi: 10.1017/s1037291100001874
Ashman, A. F. (1994). Collaboration between counsellors, teachers, and parents. Australian Guidance and Counselling Association Newsletter, 8, 8-11.
Ashman, A. F., Suttie, J. N. and Bramley, J. (1994). The residential circumstance of older Australians with an intellectual disability. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 99 (4), 356-362.
Ashman, Adrian F., Bramley, Jenny and Suttie, Janene (1994). The self-care and functional skills of older australians with an intellectual disability. Australia and New Zealand Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 19 (2), 85-97. doi: 10.1080/07263869400035131
Gillies, R. M. and Ashman, A. F. (1994). Cooperative learning in schools. Queensland Teachers Union Professional Magazine, 12 (1), 23-25.
Gillies, R. M. and Ashman, A. F. (1994). Inclusive language in cooperative learning groups. Connections, 4 (4), 22-24.
Ashman, A. F. (1994). Disseminating theory and practice in cognitive education. Journal of Cognitive Education, 4, 1-5.
Ashman, A. F., Wright, S. K. and Conway, R. N. F. (1994). Developing the metacognitive skills of academically gifted students in mainstream classrooms. Roeper Review, 16 (3), 198-204. doi: 10.1080/02783199409553573
Ashman, A. F. and Wright, S. K. (1994). Adapting mainstream classroom procedures to accommodate students of diverse abilities. Journal of Cognitive Education, 4, 33-45.
Ashman, A. F., Suttie, J. N. and Bramley, J. (1994). The self-care and functional skills of older Australians with an intellectual disability. Australia and New Zealand Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 19, 85-97.
Ashman, A. F., Suttie, J. and Bramley, J. (1994). Older Australians with an intellectual disability. Community Bulletin, 18 (1), 36-41.
Ashman, A. F., Gillies, R. M. and Beavers, S. (1993). Counsellor Roles and Perceptions of Training. Australian Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 3 (1), 1-14. doi: 10.1017/s1037291100002107
Suttie, J. N., Ashman, A. F. and Bramley, J. (1993). Problems undertaking surveys of older people with a disability in Australia. Irish Journal of Psychology, 14, 1-22.
Ashman, A. F. and Conway, R. N. F. (1993). Teaching students to use process-based learning and problem solving strategies in mainstream class. Learning and Instruction, 3 (2), 73-92. doi: 10.1016/0959-4752(93)90009-O
Ashman, Adrian F. and Conway, Robert N.F. (1993). Examining the links between psychoeducational assessment, instruction and remediation. International Journal of Disability, Development and Education, 40 (1), 23-44. doi: 10.1080/0156655930400103
Ashman, A. F. (1993). Older persons with an intellectual disability. Interaction, 6, 15-25.
Ashman, A. F. and Conway, R. N. F. (1993). Examining the links between psychoeducational assessment, instruction and remediation. International Journal of Disability, Development and Education, 40, 23-44.
Ashman, A. F. (1991). Introduction to Process-Based Instruction. Resources Bulletin, 49, 20-22.
Wright, S. K. and Ashman, A. F. (1991). The use of symbols in drawings by children, nondisabled adults and adults with an intellectual disability. Developmental Disabilities Bulletin, 19, 105-127.
Wright, S. K. and Ashman, A. F. (1991). The relationship between meter recognition, rhythmic notation and information processing competence. Australian Journal of Psychology, 43 (3), 139-146. doi: 10.1080/00049539108260138
Ashman, A. F. (1990). Science and research: Basic and applied research in the field of intellectual disability. Australia and New Zealand Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 16 (3), 173-185. doi: 10.1080/07263869000033991
Ashman, Adrian F., Hulme, Peter and Suttie, Janene (1990). The life circumstances of aged people with an intellectual disability. Australia and New Zealand Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 16 (4), 335-347. doi: 10.1080/07263869000034151
Ashman, A. F., Hulme, P. and Suttie, J. (1990). The life circumstances of aging people with an intellectual disability. Australia and New Zealand Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 16, 335-347.
Ashman, A. F. (1990). Setting a research agenda for the study of intellectual disability in Australia. Australia and New Zealand Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 16 (3), 169-172. doi: 10.1080/07263869000033981
Ashman, A. F. (1990). Sterilization and training for normal sexual development: Human rights and obligations. Australia and New Zealand Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 16 (4), 359-368. doi: 10.1080/07263869000034171
Ashman, A. F. (1989). Looking at living standards: A question of quality of life. Aging/MR IG Newsletter, 3, 7.
Ashman, A. F. and Conway, R. N. F. (1989). Teaching planning skills in the classroom: The development of an integrated model. International Journal of Disability, Development and Education, 36 (3), 225-240. doi: 10.1080/0156655893603005
Ashman, A. F. (1989). Change and disability services in Australia: A ten year retrospective. Australia and New Zealand Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 15 (2), 73-80. doi: 10.1080/07263868900033541
Ashman, A. F. (1987). The practicality of theory: An educational solution. Queensland Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 1, 63-72. doi: 10.1017/s103031620000039x
Ashman, A. F. and Suttie, J. N. (1987). Employment, retirement and elderly persons with an intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 39, 107-115.
Wright, S. K. and Ashman, A. F. (1987). The measurement of meter in children in Grades 3 and 5. Australian Journal of Music Education, 1, 81-97.
Schofield, N. J. and Ashman, A. F. (1987). The cognitive processing of gifted, high average, and low average ability students. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 57, 9-20.
Ashman, A. F. (1986). Aeronautical decision-making. SAFE, 3 (1), 1-7.
Ashman, A. F. and Telfer, R. A. (1986). Introducing pilot judgment training in Australia. SAFE, 3 (2), 1-7.
Schofield, N. J. and Ashman, A. F. (1986). The relationship between digit span and cognitive processing across ability groups. Intelligence, 10 (1), 59-73. doi: 10.1016/0160-2896(86)90027-9
Ashman, A. F. (1986). Decision-making and pilot judgment: Some initial considerations. SAFE, 2 (4), 2-7.
Cavanagh, J. and Ashman, A. F. (1985). Stress in families with handicapped children. Australia and New Zealand Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 11, 151-156.
Ashman, A. F. (1985). Process-based interventions for retarded students. Mental Retardation and Learning Disability Bulletin, 13, 62-74.
Ashman, A. F. (1984). Assessing student teachers’ attitudes toward mentally retarded and physically handicapped children. International Journal of Rehabilitation Research, 7 (4), 434-438. doi: 10.1097/00004356-198412000-00009
Ashman, A. F. (1984). Developing coding processes in mildly retarded children. International Journal of Rehabilitation Research, 7 (4), 455-456. doi: 10.1097/00004356-198412000-00016
Kirby, J. R. and Ashman, A. F. (1984). Planning skills and mathematical achievement: Implications regarding learning disabilities. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 2 (1), 9-22. doi: 10.1177/073428298400200102
Ashman, A. F. (1984). The role of planning and decision making in the training of retarded persons. Human Learning, 3 (1), 19-32.
Ashman, A. F. (1983). Exploring the cognition of retarded persons: A brief report. International Journal of Rehabilitation Research, 6 (3), 355-356. doi: 10.1097/00004356-198309000-00016
Ashman, A. F. and Braggett, E. J. (1983). A strategy for educating gifted children. Unicorn, 9, 345-352.
Ashman, A. F. (1983). On the theory and practice of remediating coding deficiencies. Australia and New Zealand Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 9, 8-15.
Ashman, A. F. and Jurisich, R. (1983). Discovering trends in mental retardation research: Quantifying the research. Mental Retardation and Learning Disability Bulletin, 11, 146-156.
Braggett, E. J., Ashman, A. F. and Noble, J. (1983). The expressed needs of parents of gifted and talented children. Gifted Education International, 1, 80-83.
Ashman, A. F. and Telfer, R. A. (1983). Personality profiles of pilots. Aviation, Space and Environmental Medicine, 11 (10), 940-944.
Ashman, A. F. (1982). Strategic behavior and linguistic functions of institutionalized moderately retarded persons. International Journal of Rehabilitation Research, 5 (2), 203-214. doi: 10.1097/00004356-198206000-00006
Ashman, A. F. (1982). Coding, strategic behavior and language performance of institutionalized retarded young adults. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 86 (6), 627-636.
Ashman, A. F. (1982). Prevention or cure? Changing attitudes toward retarded persons. Mental Retardation Bulletin, 10, 18-35.
Ashman, A. F. (1982). Cognitive processes and perceived language performance of retarded persons. Journal of Mental Deficiency Research, 26 (SEP), 131-143.
Ashman, A. F., Molloy, G. N. and Das, J. P. (1981). Coding, planning and mental retardation. Part II: Theory, evidence and implication. Australian Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 7, 57-64.
Ashman, A. F. (1980). Re-evaluating the history of intelligence. Part I. Educational Enquiry, 3 (1), 43-54.
Ashman, A. F. (1980). Re-evaluating the history of intelligence. Part II: Precursors of current theories of intelligence. Educational Enquiry, 3 (2), 51-64.
Ashman, A. F. and Das, J. P. (1980). Relation between planning and simultaneous-successive synthesis. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 51 (2), 371-382.
Ashman, A. F. (1979). Planning—The integrative function of the brain: Empirical evidence and speculation. Educational Enquiry, 2, 78-94.
Conference Papers
Deppeler, Joanne, Ashman, Adrian F., Conway, Robert, Jones, Phyllis, O'Gorman, Elizabeth, Garcia-Cedillo, Ismael, Romero-Contreras, Silvia and Fletcher, Todd (2010). Collaboration in teacher professional learning: Universities, school-systems, schools and teachers. The 7th Inclusive and Supportive Education Congress (ISEC2010), Belfast, Ireland, 2-5 August 2010. Belfast, Ireland: Queen's University Belfast.
Ashman, A. F., Hay, I., McFarland, M. and Raciti, N. (2005). The Educational Adjustment Program Profile: A Queensland Initiative in the identification and Monitoring of Students with a Disability. 3rd Annual International Conference on Cognition, Language and Special Education Research, Surfers Paradise, Gold Coast, Queensland, 2-4 December, 2005. Brisbane, QLD: Griffith University.
Fielding-Barnsley, R., Hay, I. and Ashman, A. F. (2005). Phonological awareness: Necessary but not sufficient. 30th Annual Conference of AASE, Brisbane, 23-25 September. Australia: AASE.
Young, L. and Ashman, A. F. (2004). Institution vs. centre-based vs. community living: An Australian perspective. 12th IASSID World Congress, Montpellier, France, 14-19 June, 2004. Oxford, U.K.: BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2788.2004.t01-1-00609.x
Young, J-L.L., Ashman, A.F. and Grevell, P. (2001). Deinstitutionalisation in Queensland: Results from a matched sample. 36th Annual Conference of ASSID, Melbourne, 12-15 November 2001. Melbourne: Aust Society for the Study of Intellectual Disability.
Young, J. L., Ashman, A. F. and Grevell, P. (2001). It's not what you do--It's the way you do it: Case studies from the Challinor project. 36th Annual Conference of Australian Society for the Study of Intellectual Disability, Melbourne, 12-15 November, 2001. Melbourne: Australian Society for the Study of Intellectual Disability.
Young, J. L. and Ashman, A. F. (2001). Ageing and deinstitutionalisation. 36th Annual Conference of Australian Society for the Study of Intellectual Disability, Melbourne, 12-15 November, 2001. Melbourne: Australian Society for the Study of Intellectual Disability.
Young, L., Ashman, A. F., Sigafoos, J. and Grevell, P. (2000). Institutional reform: Life after 12 months of community living—A report on the Challinor project. Sharing the Road, Griffith University: Nathan, Queensland, 1999. Brisbane: Australian Society for the Study of Intellectual Disability.
Young, J., Ashman, A. F., Sigafoos, J. S. and Grevell, P. (1999). Deinstitutionalisation and changes in life circumstances of adults with an intellectual disability. 35th Annual Conference of the Australian Society for the Study of Intellectual Disability, Sydney, Australia, 27-30 September 1999. Sydney, Australia: Australian Society for the Study of Intellectual Disability.
Gillies, Robyn M. and Ashman, Adrian F. (1995). Examining the Nature of Helping Interactions in Primary School Children in Years 2, 4, and 6. Annual Conference of the International Association for the Study of Cooperation in Education (IASCE), Brisbane, Queensland, June 30-July 3, 1995. IASCE.
Ashman, A. F. (1994). Professional partnerships: Some lessons in cooperation. Family and School Matter, Darwin, NT: Northern Territory University, 1994.
Ashman, A. F. (1993). The Social and Community Involvement of Older people with an intellectual disability. Directions in Tasmanian Disability Services, Launceston, Tasmania, 1993. Australian Society for the Study of Intellectual Disability.
Ashman, A. F. (1993). Keynote address. Ageing Seminar—What Now? for people with intellectual disabilities, Launceston, Tasmania, 1993.
Conway, R. and Ashman, A. F. (1992). Teaching students to accept responsibility for their behaviour through planning skills. 1992 National Conference on Student Behaviour Problems: Directions, Perspectives and Expectations Toward the Year 2000, Hawthorn, Victoria,
Working Paper
Alauddin, Mohammad and Ashman, Adrian (2014). The changing academic environment and diversity in students study philosophy, beliefs and attitudes in higher education. School of Economics Discussion Paper Series. 511. School of Economics, University of Queensland.
Thesis
Ashman, A. F. (2008). Making the transition from young adult to adult literature. ,. Other, Griffith University (Gold Coast), Queensland, Australia..
Audio Document
Carroll, A., Ashman, A., Bower, J. and Hemingway, F. (2005). Mindfields - empowering young people to change their lives: six session. The University of Queensland.
Generic Document
Carroll, A., Ashman, A., Bower, J. and Hemingway, F. (2005). Mindfields - empowering young people to change their lives: an interactive and evaluative screening tool. The University of Queensland.
Research Reports
Ashman, A. F., Carroll, A., Bower, J. and Williams, C. (2007). Adapting emergency interventions. Queensland: Queensland Fire and Rescue Services.
Hay, I. and Ashman, A. F. (2006). The effectiveness of the current response to behaviour support and intervention services: Report to the Director General, Department of Education and the Arts, Queensland. Queensland: Department of Education and the Arts.
Ashman, A. F., Hay, I. and Bayne, B. (2005). Development of Education Adjustment Program (EAP) Adjustment profile instruments: A report to the Performance Monitoring and Reporting Branch, Education Queensland. Performance Monitoring and Reporting Branch, Education Queensland.
Ashman, A. F., Hay, I. and Bayne, B. (2005). Development of Education Adjustment Program (EAP) Beginning School Profile: A report to the Performance Monitoring and Reporting Branch, Education Queensland. A report to the Performance Monitoring and Reporting Branch, Education Queensland.
Ashman, A. F. (1994). Profile of aging caregivers of people with an intellectual disability: A Report of a Commissioned Research Project for the Divisional Head, Intellectual Disability Services, Department of Family Services and Aboriginal and Islander Affairs. The University of Queensland, St Lucia: Fred and Eleanor Schonell Special Education Research Centre.
Ashman, A. F., Suttie, J. N. and Bramley, J. (1993). Older Australian with an intellectual disability: A report to the Department of Health, Housing and Community Services. St. Lucia, Queensland: Fred and Eleanor Schonell Special Education Research Centre.
Elkins, J., Ashman, A. F., van Kraayenoord, C. E. and Christensen, C. (1992). Review of the policy statement on the education of students with learning difficulties from pre-school to year 12. The University of Queensland, St Lucia: Fred and Eleanor Schonell Special Education Research Centre.
Elkins, J. and Ashman, A. F. (1992). A controlled research study of students with learning difficulties. The University of Queensland, St Lucia: and Eleanor Schonell Special Education Research Centre.
Ashman, A. F. (1987). Generalization following cognitive training with intellectually disabled adolescents. The University of Queensland, St Lucia: Fred and Eleanor Schonell Special Education Research Centre.
Telfer, R. A. and Ashman, A. F. (1986). Pilot judgement training: An Australian validation study: Report to the Australian Department of Aviation. Newcastle, NSW: Department of Education, University of Newcastle.
Ashman, A. F. and Telfer, R. A. (1985). Pilot judgement training: Implementation in Australian flying schools: A report to the Australian Department of Aviation. Newcastle, NSW: Department of Education, University of Newcastle.
Kirby, J. R. and Ashman, A. F. (1982). Strategic behavior and metacognition: Final Report. Newcastle, NSW: Department of Education, University of Newcastle.
Ashman, A. F. (1980). Exploration of the cognitive abilities of moderately and severely mentally retarded individuals: Final Report. Newcastle, NSW: Department of Education, University of Newcastle.